In 1948 the State of Israel was created.  The development of a ferocious anti-Semitism in Europe, long standing religious impulses, and the spread of nationalism to large segments of the Jewish population created the political movement known as Zionism.  Two world wars also played an important role in the creation of Israel.  The problems confronting the first Jewish state in two thousand years were huge.  Wars with neighbors, the difficulty of absorbing millions of immigrants and resolving the tensions between religious and secular

Jews were and remain the great issues facing the State of Israel.  Only the presence of gifted leaders and the help of a powerful ally saved the state from destruction.

a) Zionism, A History

b) Three Who Made Israel: Weizmann, Ben Gurion and Begin

c) Persia, Iran and the Jews